Abstract Objective: To evaluate the presence of axial skeletal deviations in children and adolescents and to relate them to body mass index (BMI), age and sex. Methods: 101 patients aged 7 to 17 years old were included in this study; exclusion criteria were primary orthopedic diseases and syndromes or treatments that affect growth. Patients were grouped according to their BMI Z-score: eutrophic (n=29), overweight (n=18) and obese (n=54). They underwent static clinical inspection was made by simetrographic technique. Intermaleolar distance was obtained, Adam’s forward bend and tiptoe tests were performed. Results: When comparing obese and eutrophic patients, changes in the cervical spine (p<0.01), spine (p<0.001), hip (p<0.01) and shoulders (p<0.001) were present in more than half of the obese patients (62.5%, 62.2%, 79.9% and 55.4%, respectively). Changes in the knees were more frequent among obese (p<0.001) when compared to eutrophic patients. There was no variation regarding age or sex (p>0.05). Conclusions: being overweight influences skeletal deviations in children and adolescents.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a presença de desvios do esqueleto axial em crianças e adolescentes e relacioná-los com índice de massa corpórea, idade e sexo. Métodos: Fizeram parte deste estudo 101 pacientes de sete a 17 anos, os quais não possuíam doenças ortopédicas primárias, síndromes ou tratamentos que afetassem o crescimento. Os pacientes foram agrupados conforme os escores Z do índice de massa corpórea em: eutróficos (n=29), com sobrepeso (n=18) e obesos (n=54). Foram avaliados por meio da inspeção clínica estática, com simetrógrafo de parede, medida da distância intermaleolar, manobra de Adams e teste da ponta dos pés. Resultados: Quando comparados os pacientes obesos com os eutróficos, alterações de coluna cervical (p<0,01), coluna (p<0,001), quadril (p<0,01) e ombros (p<0,001) ocorreram em mais da metade dos obesos (62,5, 62,2, 79,9 e 55,4%, respectivamente). Alterações nos joelhos foram mais frequentes entre os obesos (p<0,001) quando comparados aos eutróficos. Não houve variação com a idade ou o sexo (p>0,05). Conclusões: Conclui-se que o excesso de peso exerce influência sobre desvios do esqueleto em crianças e adolescentes.

ABSTRACT Resistance training has shown the potential to contribute to better glycemic control in people with Type 1 Diabetes (T1D), however, there are contradictory results in this regard and a need to clarify the effects of isolated resistance training on glycemic control in T1D. The aim was to verify the effects of resistance training on the glycemic control of people with T1D. Original articles were selected, randomized and non-randomized clinical trials that aimed to verify chronic responses, through the concentrations of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), to a structured program of resistance exercise in the glycemia of patients with T1D. The following databases were searched; MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, LILACS, and SciELO. Five studies were included in the review. A reduction in HbA1c was observed (SMD = -0.568 ± 0.165 [95% CI = -0.891 to -0.246]; p = 0.001; I² = 82%) in patients undergoing resistance training, when compared to the control group (SMD = 1.006 ± 0.181 [95% CI = 0.653 to 1.360]; p <0.001). Two studies, with children and adolescents and longer interventions, demonstrated a significant reduction in HbA1c, increased strength, and an improved lipid profile. Resistance training was efficient for assisting in glycemic control in people with T1D and should be incorporated in treatment plans.

ABSTRACT Objective: To estimate the rate of change during exercise and during recovery in moderate-continuous exercise (MCE) and high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Subjects and methods: Participants performed 2 sessions of exercise: thirty minutes of continuous activity on a cycle ergometer (60% of VO2max) and thirty minutes (60% VO2max) interspersed with five bouts of maximum intensity lasting ten seconds every five minutes. Capillary blood glucose was measured before and after each test. The glucose rate of change in exercise (RoCE) was calculated (final blood glucose – onset blood glucose/exercise time), and the glucose rate of change in recovery (RoCR) (blood glucose 30 minutes after exercise – end of exercise blood glucose/recovery time). Results: The study included thirty-one participants (aged 13 ± 1.88 years). A lower blood glucose reduction was observed in the HIIE group, as well as better recovery values before, after, and thirty minutes after the test, respectively (333.14 ± 69.53, 226.19 ± 68.05 and 201.77 ± 66.84 versus 211.36 ± 91.03, 155.98 ± 82,68 and 165.76 ± 72.94). Covariance analyses showed a significant difference in glycemic variation between continuous and intermittent protocols immediately after exercise (−2.90 versus −2.08) and during the recovery period (−0.677 versus −0.389). Conclusions: HIIE led to a lower glucose reduction rate per minute during exercise and better recovery in the first 30 minutes after exercise compared to MCE in children and adolescents with T1D.

ABSTRACT Objective To identify the level of physical activity and glycemic variability of adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus and to compare glycemic variability on days with different amounts of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Subjects and methods A sample of 34 subjects aged 10 to 15 years, 18 (52.94%) female; age: 13.04 ± 1.94; HbA1c: 9.76 ± 1.51. Physical activity was measured by wGT3X accelerometer. The glucose data were obtained using continuous glucose monitoring, and the following glycemic variability measures were calculated: standard deviation (SD), low blood glucose index (LBGI), high blood glucose index (HBGI), mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE), glycemic risk assessment in diabetes equation (GRADE) and coefficient of variation (CV). The most and least active days (the days with greater and lesser time dedicated to physical activities of moderate to vigorous intensity, respectively) were identified. In addition, based on the whole period of accelerometer use, daily means of time spent in MVPA were identified among participants, who were then divided into three groups: up to 100 minutes; from 101 to 200 minutes and above 201 minutes. Then, the measures of glycemic variability were compared among the most and least active days and among the groups too. Results The amount of MVPA was significantly different between the days evaluated (237.49 ± 93.29 vs. 125.21 ± 58.10 minutes), but glycemic variability measures did not present a significant difference. Conclusion Despite the significant differences in the amount of MVPA between the two days evaluated, the glycemic variability did not change significantly. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2020;64(3):312-8

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar as variáveis associadas ao diagnóstico de diabetes melito tipo 1 (DM1) na vigência de cetoacidose diabética e seu impacto na evolução da doença. Métodos: Foram avaliadas 274 crianças e adolescentes com idade até 15 anos acompanhados em um ambulatório de endocrinologia pediátrica de um hospital universitário de Curitiba, Paraná, cuja primeira consulta ocorreu entre janeiro de 2005 e abril de 2015. Resultados: A maioria dos pacientes teve diagnóstico de DM1 na vigência de cetoacidose diabética. Os fatores associados foram: menor idade e maior número de consultas prévias ao diagnóstico; a cetoacidose diabética foi menos frequente quando havia um irmão com DM1 e quando o diagnóstico foi feito na primeira consulta médica. Náuseas ou vômitos, dor abdominal, taquidispneia e alteração do nível de consciência foram mais frequentes no grupo com cetoacidose diabética ao diagnóstico. Não se observou associação com nível socioeconômico, tempo de sintomas antes do diagnóstico e duração do período de lua de mel. Conclusões: São necessários estudos prospectivos para definir melhor o impacto desses fatores no diagnóstico e no controle da doença. Campanhas de conscientização dos profissionais de saúde e da população são necessárias para que haja diagnóstico precoce e tratamento adequado do diabetes melito em crianças e adolescentes.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the variables associated with the presence of diabetic ketoacidosis in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) diagnosis and its impact on the progression of the disease. Methods: We reviewed the records of 274 children and adolescents under 15 years, followed in a Pediatric Endocrinology clinic of a university hospital in Curitiba-PR. They had their first appointment between January 2005 and April 2015. Results: Most patients received their T1DM diagnosis during a diabetic ketoacidosis episode. The associated factors were: lower age and greater number of visits to a physician’s office prior to diagnosis; diabetic ketoacidosis was less frequent in patients who had siblings with T1DM and those diagnosed at the first appointment. Nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, tachydyspnea, and altered level of consciousness were more common in the diabetic ketoacidosis group. There was no association with socioeconomic status, duration of symptoms before diagnosis, and length of the honeymoon period. Conclusions: Prospective studies are necessary to better define the impact of these factors on diagnosis and disease control. Campaigns to raise awareness among health professionals and the general population are essential to promote early diagnosis and proper treatment of diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents.

RESUMO A qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde (HRQOL) no diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (T1DM) tem sido amplamente estudada. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar e identificar os fatores que influenciam a HRQOL de crianças e adolescentes com T1DM. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: No total, 59 pacientes (9-16 anos, T1DM por ≥1 ano) responderam a uma versão do Instrumento de Qualidade de Vida para Jovens com Diabetes (DQOLY) adaptada aos pacientes brasileiros (IQVJD). Esse instrumento compreende satisfação, impacto e preocupações de domínios, com os menores índices correspondentes a uma melhor HRQOL, e um questionário que reúne parâmetros sociais, demográficos e clínicos. RESULTADOS: A idade média foi de 13,6 anos e 57,6% eram meninas. A idade mediana no diagnóstico foi de 7,16 anos, 63% apresentaram cetoacidose diabética (DKA) no diagnóstico e 29% durante o seguimento. A hemoglobina glicada média (HbA1c) no ano anterior foi de 10%. Todos os pacientes receberam doses múltiplas de insulina (média de 4,2 aplicações/ dia), 74,5% utilizavam análogos de insulina de ação rápida e de ação intermediária e 67,8% usavam canetas para aplicação de insulina. Os resultados do DQOLY estavam dentro do limite de corte para melhor HRQOL. Uma análise isolada de cada domínio e os resultados do questionário mostraram que os seguintes fatores estavam associados a uma maior HRQOL: score z de altura, HbA1c menor, prática de atividade física, uso de caneta, menos hospitalizações e residência em uma área rural. Houve uma alta taxa de cetoacidose diabética no diagnóstico, e o controle metabólico foi inadequado na maioria dos pacientes. Apesar de serem provenientes de famílias de baixa renda, a maioria dos pacientes teve acesso ao tratamento recomendado. CONCLUSÃO: Entre pacientes com T1DM, 71% tinham escores IQVJD compatíveis com melhor HRQOL.

SUMMARY Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) has been widely studied. The objectives of this study were to evaluate and identify the factors influencing the HRQOL of children and adolescents with T1DM. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In total, 59 patients (9–16 years, T1DM for ≥1 year) responded to a version of the Diabetes Quality of Life Instrument for Youth (DQOLY) adapted to adapted to Brazilian patients, the Instrumento de Qualidade de Vida para Jovens com Diabetes (IQVJD). This instrument comprises 50 items (domains satisfaction, impact, and concerns, with the lowest scores corresponding to better HRQOL) and a questionnaire gathering social, demographic, and clinical parameters. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 13.6 years, and 57.6% were girls. The median age at diagnosis was 7.16 years, 63% presented diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) at diagnosis and 29% during follow-up. Mean glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in the previous year was 10%. All patients administered multiple insulin doses (mean 4.2 applications/day), 74.5% used rapid-acting and intermediate-acting insulin analogs, and 67.8% used pens for insulin application. The results of the DQOLY were within the cutoff limit for better HRQOL. An isolated analysis of each domain and the questionnaire results showed that the following factors were associated with better HRQOL: height Z-score, lower HbA1c, practice of physical activity, use of pen, fewer hospitalizations, and residence in a rural area. There was a high DKA rate at diagnosis, and the metabolic control was inappropriate in most patients. Despite coming from low-income households, most patients had access to the recommended treatment. CONCLUSION: Among T1DM patients, 71% had IQVJD scores compatible with better HRQOL.

RESUMO Introdução: O exercício físico é um fator importante do tratamento do diabetes mellitus. Objetivo: Verificar o efeito agudo dos exercícios intermitentes sobre glicemia e oxidação de substratos energéticos em adolescentes com diabetes tipo 1. Métodos: Foram avaliados 10 adolescentes diabéticos com idade entre 10 e 15 anos. Foram avaliadas as medidas antropométricas, hemoglobina glicosilada (HbA1c), VO2máx e o teste de exercício intermitente. Nesse teste, os indivíduos permaneceram pedalando por 30 minutos em cicloergômetro com carga de 60% do VO2máx, intercalados com tiros de intensidades máximas de 10 segundos a cada 5 minutos. Os substratos energéticos foram avaliados durante o teste e a glicemia capilar foi medida antes, imediatamente após o exercício e 30 minutos depois. Foi observada redução média da glicemia de 39,2 ± 41,92 mg/dl, isto é, média de 21,61% da glicemia inicial. Ocorreu diferença significativa (0,0001) entre os substratos energéticos oxidados, com predominância da utilização de CHO. Há uma forte correlação direta entre a HbA1c e o escore z do IMC (r = 0,821, p = 0,004) e entre HbA1c e glicose observadas pós-exercício (r = 0,702, p = 0,024) e também há forte correlação entre os níveis de glicose pré-exercício e pós-exercício (r = 0,851, p = 0,002) e entre pós-exercício e 30 minutos depois do exercício (r = 0,874, p = 0,001). O teste de regressão linear mostrou que o escore z do IMC explica 67% dos valores de HbA1c (r² = 0,675). Resultados: De acordo com os resultados observados, 30 minutos de exercícios aeróbicos intermitentes intercalados com tiros curtos de 10 segundos promovem redução média de 21% da glicemia, com tendência de aumento na fase de recuperação. O substrato energético predominante na atividade são os carboidratos (CHO). Conclusão: Quanto melhor for o escore z do IMC do adolescente, espera-se melhor controle glicêmico em adolescentes com diabetes tipo 1.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Physical exercise is an important factor in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Objective: To verify the acute effect of intermittent exercises on blood glucose and oxidation of energetic substrates in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Methods: We evaluated 10 diabetic adolescents aged 10 to 15 years. Anthropometric measurements, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), VO2max, and the intermittent exercises test were evaluated. In this test, subjects continued pedaling for 30 minutes on a cycle ergometer with a load of 60% of VO2max, interspersed with maximum intensity sprints of 10 seconds every 5 minutes. The energetic substrates were evaluated during the test and the capillary blood glucose was measured before, immediately after exercise, and 30 minutes later. We observed a mean reduction in blood glucose of 39.2 ± 41.92 mg/dl, that is, an average of 21.61% of initial blood glucose. There was a significant difference (0.0001) between the oxidized energetic substrates, predominating the use of CHO. There is a strong direct correlation between HbA1c and the BMI z score (r = 0.821, p = 0.004) and between HbA1c and glucose observed post-exercise (r = 0.702, p = 0.024), and there is a strong correlation between pre-exercise and post-exercise glucose (r = 0.851, p = 0.002) and between post-exercise and 30 minutes after exercise (r = 0.874, p = 0.001). The linear regression test showed that BMI z score accounts for 67% of the HbA1c values (r² = 0.675). Results: According to the results observed, 30 minutes of intermittent aerobic exercises interspersed with short sprints of 10 seconds promoted a mean reduction of 21% in blood glucose with tendency to increase in the recovery phase. The predominant energetic substrates in the activity are carbohydrates (CHO). Conclusion: The better the adolescent BMI z score, the better glycemic control in adolescents with type 1 diabetes is expected.

RESUMEN Introducción: El ejercicio es un factor importante en el control de la diabetes. Objetivo: Investigar el efecto agudo de ejercicio intermitente en la glucemia y la oxidación de sustratos energéticos en adolescentes con diabetes tipo 1. Métodos: Se estudiaron 10 adolescentes diabéticos de 10 a 15 años. Se evaluaron las medidas antropométricas, la hemoglobina glucosilada (HbA1c), el VO2máx, y la prueba de ejercicio intermitente. En esta prueba, los individuos permanecieron pedaleando durante 30 minutos en un cicloergómetro con carga del 60% del VO2máx, intercalados con piques de máxima intensidad de 10 segundos cada 5 minutos. Se evaluaron sustratos energéticos durante la prueba y la glucemia capilar fue medida antes, inmediatamente después del ejercicio y 30 minutos más tarde. Se observó una reducción promedio de la glucemia de 39,2 ± 41,92 mg/dl, es decir, promedio de 21,61% sobre la glucemia inicial. Hubo una diferencia significativa (0,0001) entre los sustratos energéticos oxidados, predominando el uso de CHO. Hay una fuerte correlación directa entre la HbA1c y el IMC puntuación z (r = 0,821, p = 0,004) y entre HbA1c y glucosa observadas después del ejercicio (r = 0,702, p = 0,024) y también hay una fuerte correlación entre los niveles de glucosa pre-ejercicio y post-ejercicio (r = 0,851, p = 0,002) y post-ejercicio y 30 minutos después del ejercicio (r = 0,874, p = 0,001). La prueba de regresión lineal mostró que el IMC puntuación z explica el 67% de los valores de HbA1c (R² = 0,675). Resultados: De acuerdo con los resultados observados, 30 minutos de ejercicio aeróbico intermitente intercalado con piques cortos de 10 segundos promueven una reducción promedio del 21% de glucemia, con una tendencia al aumento en la fase de recuperación. El sustrato energético predominante en la actividad son los carbohidratos (CHO). Conclusión: Cuanto mejor sea la puntuación z del IMC de los adolescentes, mejor control de la glucemia se puede esperar en adolescentes con diabetes tipo 1.

The present study aimed to assess the skeletal and dental ages of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients. Therefore, panoramic and hand-wrist radiographs of 82 patients, aged between 5 and 15 years, were collected and divided into case and control groups. The case group consisted of 41 panoramic and 41 hand-wrist radiographs of T1DM patients, whereas the control group consisted of 41 panoramic and 41 hand-wrist radiographs of patients without T1DM. Skeletal age was assessed according to the method of Greulich and Pyle (1999), whereas dental age was assessed according to the method of Nolla (1960). Chi-square tests revealed no statistically significant differences between skeletal and dental ages between the case and control groups (p > 0.05). However, in the case group, the skeletal age of females was greater than that of age-matched males (p = 0.005). Considering that skeletal and dental growth of the case and control groups were closely related, clinical interventions involving orthodontics and dentomaxillofacial orthopedics should be equally performed both for healthy and specific patient groups, such as those with T1DM.

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a função diastólica (FD) de crianças e adolescentes diabéticos tipo 1 (DM1). SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal de 67 DM1, sem comorbidades, e grupo controle (n = 84) da mesma faixa etária. Analisaram-se: idade, sexo, índice de massa corpórea (IMC), Dopplere-cocardiografia e eletrocardiograma de ambos os grupos e, nos portadores de DM1, o tempo de doença, HbA1C, lipidograma e o valor da microalbuminúria. RESULTADOS: Encontraram-se alterações diastólicas [(A e E mitral, relação E/A, tempo de relaxamento isovolumétrico (TRIV) e tempo de desaceleração da onda E (TDE)] nos diabéticos, com maior prevalência nas meninas na faixa 13-17 anos. TRIV e TDE correlacionaram-se positivamente com o IMC (p = 0,028). Idade e tempo de doença foram fatores preditivos para a onda A mitral (p = 0,004 e 0,033, respectivamente). CONCLUSÕES: Alterações de FD foram detectadas nos DM1, com maior prevalência em meninas púberes. Tempo de doença e idade dos pacientes influenciaram parâmetros de FD.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate diastolic function (DF) of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 67 otherwise healthy diabetic patients, and a control group (n = 84) in regard to age, sex, body mass index (BMI), Dopplere-chocardiography, and ECG for both groups; and disease duration, HbA1C, microalbuminuria, and serum lipids for DM 1 patients. RESULTS: Diastolic alterations [(A and E mitral waves, E/A ratio, isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) and E wave deceleration time (EWDT)] were found in diabetic patients, with higher prevalence among pubertal girls (13-17 years old). IVRT and EWDT correlated positively with BMI (p = 0.028). Chronological age and disease duration were predictive factors for mitral A wave (p = 0.004 and 0.033, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: DF alterations were detected in the group of diabetic patients, with greater prevalence among pubertal girls; disease duration and age influenced parameters of DF.

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar o fenótipo de pacientes com hipotireoidismo congênito (HC) por disormonogênese e sugerir o nível do defeito genético. SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: Pacientes com disormonogênese foram subdivididos em G1 (captação de 131I > 15%; n = 62) e G2 (captação < 15%; n = 32). Tireoglobulina (TG) foi dosada em todos, teste de descarga do perclorato (TDP) foi realizado no G1 e relação iodo salivar/sérico (I- S/P), no G2. RESULTADOS: Os valores de TSH, T4T e T4L pré-tratamento e na confirmação do diagnóstico foram significativamente diferentes em ambos os grupos (p < 0,01), mas não entre eles. No G1, 27 pacientes desenvolveram bócio; TDP foi positivo em 17 (descarga de 14%-71%); 11 tiveram TG < 2,5 ng/dL (um com TSH elevado) e um desenvolveu carcinoma de tireoide. No G2, quatro pacientes desenvolveram bócio e três apresentaram baixa I- S/P. CONCLUSÃO: Esses dados sugerem defeito na organificação do iodeto em 17 casos; defeito no transporte do iodeto (defeito na NIS) em três, provável resistência ao TSH em 10 e defeito na síntese de TG em dois.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the phenotype of patients with congenital hypothyroidism (CH) due to dyshormonogenesis, and to hypothesize on the degree of genetic defect. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Patients with dyshormonogenesis were subdivided into G1 (radioactive iodine uptake, RAIU > 15%; n = 62) and G2 (RAIU < 15%; n = 32). Thyroglobulin (TG) was measured in all patients; perchlorate discharge test (PDT) was performed in G1; and saliva-to-plasma radioiodine ratio (I- S/P) in G2. RESULTS: Levels of TSH, TT4, and FT4 before treatment and upon diagnosis confirmation were significantly different in both groups, but not between groups. In G1, 27 patients developed goiter; 17 had positive PDT (14%-71% discharge), 11 had TG < 2.5 ng/dL (one with high TSH), and one developed thyroid carcinoma. In G2, four patients developed goiter, and three had low I- S/P. CONCLUSION: These data suggest an iodide organification defect in 17 cases; an iodide transport defect (NIS defect) in three, probable TSH resistance in 10, and a TG synthesis defect in two cases.

A Doença de Graves (DG) é responsável por mais de 90% dos casos de hipertireoidismo em crianças. Na DG, o hipertireoidismo é causado por anticorpos estimuladores dirigidos contra o receptor do TSH, conhecidos como TRAb (TRAb, Thyrotropin Receptor Antibody), que mimetizam os efeitos do TSH. O hipertireoidismo pode, ainda, ser devido a mutações nos genes do receptor do TSH ou da sub-unidade alfa da proteína G e secreção inadequada de TSH, ao passo que tireotoxicose pode ser causada por tireoidite de Hashimoto ou tireoidite sub-aguda. O tratamento inicial da DG é feito com drogas antitireoidianas (DAT) e o tratamento definitivo com DAT, tireoidectomia ou 131I. Nenhum oferece segurança, efetividade e eutireoidismo permanente. beta-bloqueadores podem ser usados para diminuir os sinais adrenérgicos. As DAT inibem a síntese de T3 e T4 e agem sobre o sistema imune; o propiltiouracil (PTU) diminui a conversão periférica de T4 a T3. Recomenda-se PTU, 5-10mg/kg/dia, em três tomadas; ou metimazol, 0,5-1mg/kg/dia, em tomada única. L-tiroxina (100µg/m²/dia) deve ser adicionada quando se obtém o eutireoidismo. A taxa de remissão é muito baixa. Efeitos adversos leves (rash cutâneo, náusea, cefaléia, artralgias) são mais freqüentes, enquanto os mais graves (hepatite, vasculite, purpura fulminans e agranulocitose) raros. A recidiva pode ser tratada com novo ciclo de DAT, tireoidectomia ou 131I. A taxa de mortalidade com a cirurgia é baixa (0,08%) e o índice de cura é de 80%. O 131I é seguro e econômico. Ultimamente tem sido utilizado com maior freqüência como primeira opção de terapia definitiva em vários países. Doses elevadas são utilizadas para se obter ablação total da glândula. Repete-se o 131I se necessário. O hipotireoidismo (pós-cirurgia ou 131I) deve ser adequadamente tratado com l-tiroxina. A cirurgia e o 131I são indicados nos hipertireoidismos por mutações nos genes do receptor do TSH ou da sub-unidade alfa da proteína G. A cirurgia é a melhor opção nos tumores produtores de TSH. Na síndrome de resistência ao hormônio tireoidiano, T3 ou ácido tri-iodotiroacético (TRIAC) têm sido empregados. Causas de tireotoxicose por ruptura folicular são manejadas apenas com beta-bloqueadores.

Graves’ disease (GD) is responsible for more than 90% of all cases of hyperthyroidism in children. Hyperthyroidism in GD is due to stimulating antibodies directed to TSH receptors, known as TRAb (Thyrotropin Receptor Antibody), that mimic the effects of TSH. Infrequent causes of hyperthyroidism include activating mutations of genes related to TSH receptors and G protein alpha subunit and inadequate secretion of TSH seen in pituitary TSH secreting tumors and thyroid hormone resistance syndrome (THRS) while thyrotoxicosis is seen in Hashimoto’s and subacute thyroiditis. Initial treatment of GD is done with antithyroid drugs (ATD) while definitive treatment is accomplished with either ATD, radioactive iodine (131I) or subtotal thyroidectomy. None of these alternatives is totally safe, effective and able to afford a permanent euthyroid state. beta-blockers can be used in all forms of hyperthyroidism to attenuate sympathetic signs. ATD inhibit T3 and T4 synthesis and show immunosuppressive effect. Propylthiouracil (PTU) reduces the T4 to T3 conversion. PTU, 5-10mg/kg/d, or methymazole, 0.5-1.0mg/kg, once a day, are commonly used. l-thyroxine, 100µg/m2/day should be added once the child is euthyroid. Remission rate is low. Mild adverse effects (rash, nausea, headache, and arthralgia) are not infrequent, whereas severe side effects (hepatitis, vasculitis, purpura fulminans and agranulocytosis) are fortunately rare. Recurrences can be treated with a new cycle of ATD, 131I or thyroidectomy. Mortality rate in thyroidectomy is low (0.08%) and the cure rate is around 80%. 131I is safe and cheap. It’s use as first choice therapy is increasing in different countries. High enough doses of 131I that lead to a complete ablation of the gland are advocated. Hypothyroidism should be adequately treated with l-thyroxine. Surgery and 131I are indicated to patients with TSH receptor and G protein alpha subunit gene mutations. Surgery also is the best treatment for pituitary TSH secreting tumors. In patients with THRS, T3 or triiodothyroacetic acid (TRIAC) have been used. Thyrotoxicosis due to follicular disruption is managed with beta-blockers.